出国留学首选一诺留学

　　类比题主要是要求考生根据文章中的细节内容找出选项中和文中情况相似或原则相同的选项。对于这一类题型，考生首先要搞清楚题干中究竟问的是什么，然后再回原文进行准确定位，通过对比和举一反三的方式确定正确答案。下面小编将结合OG12中的一篇文章为大家详细介绍一下：

　　In terrestrial environments, gravity places special demands on the cardiovascular systems of animals. Gravitational pressure can cause blood to pool in the lower regions of the body, making it difficult to circulate blood to critical organs such as the brain. Terrestrial snakes, in particular, exhibit adaptations that aid in circulating blood against the force of gravity.

　　The problem confronting terrestrial snakes is best illustrated by what happens to sea snakes when removed from their supportive medium. Because the vertical pressure gradients within the blood vessels are counteracted by similar pressure gradients in the surrounding water, the distribution of blood throughout the body of sea snakes remains about the same regardless of their orientation in space, provided they remain in the ocean. When removed from the water and tilted at various angles with the head up, however, blood pressure at their midpoint drops significantly, and at brain level falls to zero. …In arboreal snakes, however, which dwell in trees and often assume a vertical posture, the average distance from the heart to the head can be as little as 15percent of overall body length. Such a location requires that blood circulated to the tail of the snake travel a greater distance back to the heart, a problem solved by another adaptation. When climbing, arboreal snakes often pause momentarily to wiggle their bodies, causing waves of muscle contraction that advance from the lower torso to the head. By compressing the veins and forcing blood forward, these contractions apparently improve the flow of venous blood returning to the heart.

　　1. 分析文章结构

　　结论说明型(Terrestrial snakes, in particular, exhibit adaptations that aid in circulating blood against the force of gravity.)

　　2. 理清文章脉络

　　1)文章第一段开头说明了陆蛇对地球重力对血液循环造成的影响具有适应性。

　　2)文章第二段拿海蛇和第一段的陆蛇进行类比，来说明陆蛇确实有能力使血液循环不受重力影响，即陆蛇对重力有适应性。

　　3)文章第三段举例说明了陆蛇的适应方式。

　　3. 题目解答：

　　18. The passage provides information in support of which of the following assertions?

　　(A) The disadvantages of an adaptation to a particular feature of an environment often outweigh the advantages of such an adaptation.

　　(B) An organism’s reaction to being placed in an environment to which it is not well adapted can sometimes illustrate the problems that have been solved by the adaptations of organisms indigenous to that environment.

　　(C) The effectiveness of an organism’s adaptation to a particular feature of its environment can only be evaluated by examining the effectiveness with which organisms of other species have adapted to a similar feature of a different environment.

　　(D) Organisms of the same species that inhabit strikingly different environments will often adapt in remarkably similar ways to the few features of those environments that are common.

　　(E) Different species of organisms living in the same environment will seldom adapt to features of that environment in the same way.

　　考点分析：类比应用题(Application)旨在考察我们对文章细节的深度认知，并达到可以应用总结的地步。

　　这个题目很难定位，即是要对于全文的细节做一个了解，然后选择。这道题的错误选项基本都是文章中没有提到的。

　　选项分析：

　　(A) 一个对特定环境特征的适应性的缺点远大于这个适应性的优点。文中没有提到过适应性的优缺点问题，这个选项属于无中生有。

　　(B) 正确。一个生物体在被放到一个不适应的环境时有时会说明那些被适应这个环境的适应性所解决的问题。这个选项可以定位在第二段中，水蛇被拿出水自然适应不了陆地的重力系统，但是与水蛇有相似特征的陆地蛇并没有死，这就说明了陆地蛇必然有适应性存在。并且这个适应性解决了这个重力的问题。与该选项的意思相符。

　　(C) 生物体对特定环境的独特特征的适应性的有效与否只能通过这个生物群体的其他物种适应的不同环境的同样特征的有效性来检验。在选择中，尽量避开文中没有明显提及的“极端”词汇。比如这个选项的“only”。另外，这个选项的内容在文中也没有明显涉及。

　　(D) 同种类的生物体居住在极为不同的环境中通常对这些环境的为数不多的相同点有着显著的相同的适应方法。文中没有提及这个选项的内容，无中生有。

　　(E) 不同物种的生命体在相同的环境下不会用同样的方法适应环境的特征。这个选项没有根据。文中也没有提及说不同物种的适应方法

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