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　　一、GMAT写作论据介绍

　　论据简单来说就是论证的依据，主要是给文章中对应的论点提供支撑，使特定的观点更让人信服。

　　论据不仅为论点提供依据，使论点表述更加完整可信;也使文章的内容丰富很多，尤其在字数不够时间紧张的情况下更是为同学们提供了便利。

　　GMAT写作提干中的错误大致有三类：论证过程中的逻辑错误、论据错误和结论错误。论据错误是最容易发现也是最易反驳的一类错误。下面我们就来分析一下典型的论据错误有哪些。

　　二、GMAT写作论据的类型

　　论据的类型有两种：假设型论据和事实型论据。根据不同的论据类型能够对应找到不同的论据漏洞。

　　1、假设型论据。

　　假设型论据通常是非事实的，是作者自己的想法。我们攻击的方向是作者“凭什么”得出结论：如果是显性假设，就找出具体是哪一句话作为结论的依据;如果是隐性假设，就把论据和结论连成一条线，即可找出作者的思路。

　　2、事实型论据。

　　1)例证。例证中的常犯错误是举出的例子中A如此，B不一定，A不能代表全体，A可能是个例。我们批判例证错误的方法是：文中正例证明，我就反例推翻;当论据的对象和结论的对象不同，则有可能是misapplied，或者hasty generalization，或者是false analogy——直接攻击。

　　2)常识型论证。常识性论证非作者个人想法，一般常识均有例外，我们批判时只需举出反面例子证明即可。

　　3)研究型论证。强调研究结果，这种论证常在因果关系上犯错。比如，在两个现象之间强加因果关系(为什么B一定是因为A)。

　　4)对比或类比型论证。这种论证的形式如A>B，选择A;或形式如a>b，所以A>B。我们找错时要注意比较是否成立。比如，A>B，那么A就比所有的都好吗?a>b，就有A>B吗?

　　5)样本不足。这种论证通常的形式是抽样调查或问卷调查形式。我们要关注的点是统计过程(调查时间，谁来调查，调查地点等)，文中出现什么就攻击什么;统计结论，永远攻击该结论与最后论点之间的差异;抽样的程序是否具有随机性;样品是否足够大。

　　三、GMAT写作论据错误攻击方法举例

　　1、偏向特定利益集团类论证的批判方法。

　　We have strong reason to question the credibility and neutrality of the survey in which the conductor has vested interest and, therefore is inclined to manipulate the figures to his own advantage.

　　Of the remarks made by XX, who has invested interest and therefore is prone to take the position to his own advantage…

　　2、(数字或事实)证据可疑类论证的批判方法。

　　If so, the facts/statistics indicates nothing about……, and thus renders/causes the author's conclusion based on it is unconvincing.

　　I would suspend my judgment about the author's conclusion until the author can provide more complete, concrete evidence or information about..

　　3、样品不足类论证的批判方法。

　　the second problem with this argument involves the insufficiency of samples used in this study. ……might not be sufficient to …… lacking information about the number how many…… were reported at the end of the study, it's unreasonable to draw any credible/ convincing conclusion that.../about....

　　4、受访者不够公正客观类论证的批判方法。

　　One problem with this argument is that the respondents' views are not necessarily representative of/ may not necessarily reflect the views of the workers in general. For example, because the survey has to do with apathy, it makes sense that only less apathetic workers would respond to it, thereby distorting the overall picture of apathy among workers. Without knowing how the survey was conducted, it is impossible to assess whether or not this is the case.

　　5、信息模糊类论证的批判方法。

　　The information provided in this program/ the poll cited by the author… is too vague to be informative…

　　The claim does not indicate who conducted the survey, who responded, or when, where and how the survey was conducted.

　　Lacking information about the number of people surveyed and the number of the respondents, it is impossible to assess/value the validity of the results. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out this kind of interpretation/ explanation, the results of the survey is worthless as basis for the conclusion.

　　以上便是一诺留学小编为大家介绍的关于GMAT写作的一些典型论据的批判方法的内容,如需了解更多出国留学的相关信息，可以拨打一诺留学的免费热线400-003-6508或者010-62680991进行咨询，或者点击一诺留学官方网站http://www.yinuoedu.net/页面的“在线咨询”与一诺留学专家直接对话。微信订阅号：留学圈 (微信帐号：yinuoliuxue )