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　　一、GMAT写作论述过程错误的概念

　　GMAT写作是驳论文形式，需要对提干原文进行审视，找到原文中论述的一些逻辑漏洞加以攻击。这一查找漏洞，提出论点，阐述论证确立自己的观点的过程就叫做论证。所谓论证过程，就是用严格的逻辑规则由论据得出论点的过程。所以，如果论点的得出过程理由不够充分，或论点总结不够准确，这篇文章的论证过程就是有漏洞的。

　　GMAT写作提干中的错误大致有三类：论证过程中的逻辑错误、论据错误和结论错误。论证过程错误是最不容易发现也是最不易反驳的一类错误。下面我们就来分析几个典型的论据错误有。

　　二、GMAT写作论述过程错误的分类

　　1、范围方面的错误：小范围推大范围、范围误用、错误的类比、过去和将来时间混淆等。

　　2、因果关系方面的错误：因果关系简单化、先后顺序导致因果关系、同时发生判为因果关系、强加因果等。

　　3、必要性问题的错误：非黑即白思想、片面性和单方性等。

　　三、GMAT写作论证过程错误举例

　　1、范围方面的错误。

　　1)小范围推大范围——结论大，论据小。

　　论证可以表述为“This argument assumes that…/is typical of…as a group. However, this is not necessarily the case…(解释分析可以用反例或特例)。If so, then the argument failed to credit the prediction for the industry as a whole.”

　　2)范围误用——结论小，论据大。

　　此类论证常带有标志词如“nationwide, overall”等，论证时注意模板一定要跟具体文章结合。细化到具体conclusion，assumption是什么?

　　表述方法：Although the editorial assumes that Seaside's teenagers are typical of the nation's teenagers in general. It supplies no evidence whatsoever to substantiate this assumption/no evidence is supplied to support this claim. It's possible that…If so, the author fails to justify his recommendation to(个体)..., at least not based on the nationwide survey.

　　3)错误类比。

　　错误类比类论证通常没有具体的提示字眼，有的原文中的两个描述对象明显类似，有的原文中的两个描述对象隐晦类似。

　　表述方法：It's highly doubtful that facts drawn from A is applicable to B. (或者A is analogous to B) huge differences between A and B obviously, apparently, entirely, outweigh the surface similarities between the two. (或者admitedly there are some points of comparison between A and B. However, the huge differences between them preclude them from having the same reaction to…)For example,…(一定要有具体的东西)If so, the author's conclusion about B based on facts pertaining to A cannot convince me at all.

　　2、因果关系方面的错误。

　　1)因果关系简单化。

　　表述方法：The arguer commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification in assuming that A is all that is required for B. /A causes B/ A is the only cause of B/ A is responsible for B. Although A is an important elememt in determing B, it is hardly the only one. To establish a sound causal relationship between A and B, other factors that could result in B should be considered/ eliminated. For example,…The author's failure to investigate or even consider other possible explanations for B renders the conclusion highly suspect.

　　2)先后顺序导致因果关系。

　　表述方法：The author commits a fallacy of "after this, because of this" in assuming that A is the cause of B. The only evidence offered to support this claim is that A occurred before B. However, this evidence is insufficient to establish the claim in question because a mere chronological relationship is only one of the indicators of a causal relationship and, therefore, does not necessarily prove a causal relationship. To establish a causal relationship between A and B, other factors that could result in B should be considered and eliminated/ ruled out. For example,…The author's failure to investigate or even consider other possible explanations for B renders the author's conclusion highly suspect.

　　3、必要性问题的错误。

　　1)非黑即白思想。

　　表述方法：the author commits a fallacy of false dilemma in assuming that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground. However, the author does not provide any evidence to support this claim. …… without evidences that can rule out such possibilities, the author cannot justifiably conclude that...

　　2)片面性或单方性。

　　the arguer commits a fallacy of appeal to ignorance in assuming that all the XXXX unhappy with A complained about it. However, the evidence offered is insufficient to support this claim: lack of proof is not proof. It's entirely possible that such XXX express their displeasure simply by returning to… The greater the percentage of such XXX, the weaker the argument's evidence as a sign of XXX satisfaction with A. Lacking more concrete information about the specific attitudes of XXX, we cannot conclude that the great majority of the passengers who did not complain are satisfied.

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