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　　一、GMAT语法破折号考察的知识点：含义

　　破折号：单项破折号主要用在一个解释性句子的前面，比如He has two sisters-----a doctor and a teacher.而双向破折号是插入语的成分，也是解释说明，比如Two of the strongest animals in the jungle—the elephant and gorilla—are vegetarians.

　　二、GMAT语法破折号考察的知识点：使用形式

　　1、有时破折号可以代替逗号来使用：

　　By January 2, 2000, the so-called “Y2K problem” was already widely considered a joke—although the reason for the non-event was the huge corporate and governmental investment in prior countermeasures.

　　2、但有时候破折号又是必须的：

　　My three best friends—Danny, Jimmy, and Joey—and I went skiing.

　　这句话如果用逗号就会让人误以为有七个人go skiing 。

　　3、破折号有时用来解释或重复之前句子的某个部分，但不像冒号需要紧跟着需要解释的词前面：

　　Post-MBA compensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that for management consultants—by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year.

　　上面的这个例子中by tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of dollars a year 解释句子前面的far。

　　三、GMAT语法破折号考察的知识点：真题解析

　　1、Blaming its recent troubles on a widening recession and slow rate of technology spending, the computer company announced that it would cut 10 percent of its workforce--more than 2,000 jobs--and expected to report a loss in its third quarter.

　　(A) company announced that it would cut 10 percent of its workforce--more than 2,000 jobs--and expected to report a

　　(B) company announced that there would be a cut--10 percent of its workforce, which was more than 2,000 jobs--and expected a reported

　　(C) company announced the cutting of its workforce by 10 percent, more than 2,000 jobs, and it expected a reported

　　(D) company's announcement included the cutting of its workforce by 10 percent, or more than 2,000 jobs, and expecting to report a

　　(E) company's announcement included cutting its workforce--which is more than 2,000 jobs--and expecting there to be a reported

　　答案解析：

　　A. 正确，10 percent of its workforce做为would cut的宾语，关键信息没有丢失，再用一对破折号内的more than 2,000 jobs对10 percent of its workforce做出说明，使句子意思表达更准确。

　　B. There be句型与直接的主谓结构it (指代the company) would cut …相比，后者更加直接，动作的发出者、承受者明确，符合GMAT的简洁、精准原则;此外，该选项将10 percent of its workforce至于了一对破折号(dash, -)之间，将这一信息“掩埋”了。

　　C. and it expected….中的it指代前句的主语the company，实际为多余，直接使用and expected与announced平行即可，多余的it造成了run-on错误;expected to report a loss表示“将会”损失，而expected a reported loss含义则不同：a reported loss表明，损失是已经发生，而且已经被报告出来，与句子原意不符。

　　D. Blaming的逻辑主语要求是the company，选项以announcement做主语，故错误;表面结构上来看，included包括两个宾语：the cutting of… and expecting to…。但是，the cutting为名词，而expecting to为动名次，仍然强调其动作属性及含义，两者在含义上不能平行。

　　E. Blaming的逻辑主语要求是the company，选项以announcement做主语，故错误;there to be罗嗦，应舍去;该选项属于名词选项，不如A动词选项直接、准确。

　　2、A mixture of poems and short fiction, Jean Toomer’s Cane has been called one of the three best novels ever written by Black Americans—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man.

　　A. Black Americans—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man

　　B. Black Americans—including Native Son by Richard Wright and Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison

　　C. a Black American—including Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man

　　D. a Black American—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Mane.

　　E. a Black American—the others being Richard Wright’s Native Son and Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man

　　翻译：对于诗歌和短小说的融合，JTC被称作美国黑人写的最受欢迎的三部小说之一，其他的是RW，NS这本小说的作者，RE，IM的作者。

　　句式：…, Book C… -- Book NS and Book Invisible Man…

　　思路：平行关系，书的平行还是人的平行;破折号解释说明。

　　选项：

　　A. 破折号之前的主语是Cane这本书，后面平行的也需要对应是书而不是人，所以后面的平行错误;

　　B. Richard Wright's Native Son和Jean Toomer's Cane不够对称，不如E好;我们的对称形式应该是"X's Y", not "Y by X";C包括两本其他书，意思错误;

　　C. 破折号之前的主语是Cane这本书，后面平行的也需要对应是书而不是人，所以后面的平行错误;C包括两本其他书，意思错误;

　　D. 破折号之前的主语是Cane这本书，后面平行的也需要对应是书而不是人，所以后面的平行错误;书介绍非常对称，每一本书都有一个精确的作者;

　　E. 正确;书介绍非常对称，每一本书都有一个精确的作者;

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