一、独立主格结构做伴随状语:
独立主格结构是由一个名词或代词(作为该短语结构的逻辑主语),加上一个分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语(作为该短语结构的逻辑谓语)构成. 独立主格结构放在句首或句尾,起状语作用,表伴随原因﹑条件﹑状态等
1)一般独立主格,与主句形成松散的逻辑关系,形式为:
n.+ n.; n. + -ed/ing 形式; n. + 介词短语;n. +形容词短语
2)with 型独立主格,与主句形成紧密的逻辑联系,形式为:
由“with +宾语+宾补”构成的复合结构,在句中可作状语,表示伴随。这一结构中的宾语补足语可由现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词或介词短语等来充当
Visitors to the park have often looked into the leafy canopy and seen monkeys sleeping on the
branches, with arms and legs hanging like socks on a clothesline.
3)each 型独立主格,强调句尾名词,形式为:
句子 + 复数名词结尾, each + 介词短语/形容词短语/-ed 形式/-ing 形式。
二、分词短语做伴随状语:
现在分词短语和过去分词短语都可以做伴随状语,现在分词短语表示与主句的主语在逻辑上有主谓关系,即表主动意义;而过去分词短语则表示与主句的主语在逻辑上是动宾关系,即被动意义。
例如:
1.“Can't you read?”Mary said angrily pointing to thenotice.玛丽生气地指着通知说:“难道你不识字吗?”
2.He sent me an e-mail hoping to get further information.他给我发了一封电子邮件,希望得到更多信息。
3.He hurried to the hall,followed by two guards.他匆忙进了大厅,后面跟着两个警卫。
三、形容词短语做伴随状语:
形容词短语做伴随状语时,通常表状态。例如:
1.Full of apologies,the manager approached us.经理向我们走来,嘴里不停地说着抱歉的话。
2.He was too excited,unable to say a word.他太激动了,一句话也说不出来。
3.He stared at the footprint,full offear.他盯着脚印,满心恐惧。
四、单个形容词做伴随状语:
单个形容词做伴随状语也表示状态,不表动作。例如:
1.He sat there,silent.他一声不响地坐在那儿。
2.Breathless,she rushed in through the back door.穿过后门,他气喘吁吁地冲了进来。
3.He went to bed,cold and hungry.他又冷又饿地上床睡觉了。
五、GMAT语法伴随状语真题解析
The hognose snake puts on an impressive bluff, hissing and rearing back, broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but, having no dangerous fangs and no venom, eventually, if its pursuer is not cowed by the performance, will fall over and play dead.
(A) broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but,having no dangerous fangs and no venom,
(B) broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigns repeated strikes, but with no dangerous fangs and no venom,
(C) broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigning repeated strikes, but it has no dangerous fangs and no venom, and
(D) broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigns repeated strikes, but with no dangerous fangs and no venom, and
(E) broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but with no dangerous fangs and no venom, and
答案分析:(A) broadens和hissing, feigning形式不对等, 并且feigning前面必须加上and; eventually是副词,不能连接两个句子,必须加上and.
(B) broadens…and feigns和hissing形式不对等; eventually是副词,不能连接两个句子,必须加上and
(C) 正确, 使用伴随状语broadening…and feigning…作为伴随成分修饰主句,和hissing构成并列结构;用and连接两个句子,表达正确
(D) broadening和feigns不平行
(E) feigning前面必须有连词and连接,不能用逗号连接
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